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What is the difference between the state of charge and the state of health of a battery, and why is this difference important?

The state of charge indicates how much the battery is currently charged, i.e. how much energy is immediately available (0% = empty, 100% = full). It can be increased again by charging.

The state of health indicates how well the battery is still functioning overall, i.e. how much of its original power it still has (100% = new, 0% = defective). It takes into account the ageing process and the use of the battery.

This means that a battery can be charged to 100% (high state of charge), but hardly provide enough starting current due to a poor state of health. The state of health is therefore particularly important to detect wear at an early stage and avoid failures. Modern diagnosis systems measure both values to accurately assess the battery performance.

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Battery - Starter battery - State of charge - State of health